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Beckham hopes to finish best MLS season with title

CARSON, California (AP) — If David Beckham's five-year football odyssey in the United States is about to end, he'll go out playing at his highest level in five years.

The English superstar hasn't decided where he'll play next season, but he's determined to lead the Los Angeles Galaxy to a Major League Soccer championship this month.

"Obviously, if you look at statistics and the games I've played, it is the best season since I moved to L.A.," Beckham said Wednesday after the Galaxy prepared for the home leg of their playoff matchup with New York. "It's nice to have that at 36 years old, because people start to doubt you, but it's the best season I've had since I moved here. The …

F1 in 2011 needs more show, less hype

PARIS (AP) — Give the drivers push-button rockets, give them tire-slashing blades like on James Bond's Aston Martin, give them something, anything, to make Formula One more interesting next season. Please.

What a crushing anticlimax. The much-hyped but ultimately tedious season-ending Abu Dhabi Grand Prix delivered more proof, as if more proof was needed, that the sport's fatal flaw is a continued shortage of exciting overtaking.

With four drivers in contention for the world title at this supposedly grand finale in the exotic surrounds of the Middle East, with long-shot Lewis Hamilton blustering that he was ready to drive his wheels off to win because he had nothing to lose, …

FULL-SCALE CHANGE

Fresh meat for plaintiffs' lawyers."

This is the colorful phrase Fred Sullivan summoned to describe employers in Massachusetts - and, more specifically, what he believes they will become after (and perhaps even before) July 13. That's the date when new legislation regarding the state's wage-and-hour statutes will take effect.

In a way, the measure involves a simple change of one word in one sentence of a statute. But the shift in terms, from 'may' to 'shall' with regard to the awarding of triple damages for violations of those wage-and-hour laws, could have some serious ramifications for area employers and perhaps for the state's economy as well, said Sullivan, a principal …

Jazz Beat Mavericks 116-110

Deron Williams had 20 assists and 17 points, and Utah rallied for a 16-0 run late in the fourth quarter to beat the Dallas Mavericks 116-110 Monday night after the Jazz blew a huge lead.

The Jazz took a 21-point lead shortly after forward Andrei Kirilenko was knocked out of the game with a hip injury on a flagrant foul by Dallas' Dirk Nowitzki in the first quarter. But they allowed the Mavericks to creep back and take a late lead before Utah's rally at the end.

Utah made all 18 free throws in the fourth quarter and improved to 26-3 at home, the best home record in the league.

Mehmet Okur had 20 points and 12 rebounds and Carlos Boozer scored 28 …

Geithner facing own stress test amid economic woes

In any other year, Timothy Geithner already would have spent a week at tennis camp in Florida, sharpening his skills and kicking back with a group of friends that includes the mentor who helped put him on the fast track to the top of the Treasury Department.

Instead, Barack Obama's 47-year-old treasury secretary is in his office before dawn most days, grabbing lunch at his desk and juggling three Blackberries as he tries to untangle the wreckage of a financial system gone sour.

He's been pilloried for lousing up his tax returns, battered by bad reviews of his earliest policy pronouncements and pelted with resignation calls from congressional critics.

…

When home is where the job is, woes attend

When Jennifer Beaver's son, Jamie, reacted fussily to his firstround of immunizations at 3 months, she tucked him into a carrierstrapped across her chest and kept him close to her all day.

"He got the nurturing he needed and I finished the project I wasworking on," said Beaver, a writer and public relations consultantwho works out of her Long Beach, Calif., home.

With her fax machine, portable personal computer, two telephonelines and an answering machine, Beaver easily keeps in touch with herclients, who include some very large corporations.

"Working at home makes me more productive," said Beaver. "Idon't waste three hours every day dressing formally and …

Facebook moving HQs in California

NEW YORK (AP) — Facebook is moving its headquarters out of Palo Alto, California, to the former campus of Sun Microsystems in Menlo Park.

The online social network, which has about 2,000 employees worldwide and 1,400 in Palo Alto, said Tuesday it will begin the move in June or July. But the company will continue to occupy its Palo …

New UN resolution aims at nuclear-free world

With U.S. President Barack Obama presiding over an historic session, the U.N. Security Council unanimously approved a U.S.-drafted resolution Thursday aimed at ridding the world of nuclear weapons.

Russia, China and developing nations supported the U.S.-sponsored measure, giving it global clout and strong political backing.

The resolution calls for stepped up efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, promote disarmament and "reduce the risk of nuclear terrorism."

It was only the fifth time the Security Council met at summit level since the U.N. was founded in 1945. And Obama was the first American president to preside over a …

TICKET LINE

Rockers Crosby, Stills and Nash will take the stage alongsideChicago for two consecutive Saturdays in area music parks.

The groups will first play the Alpine Valley Music Theatre inEast Troy, Wis., at 7:30 p.m. July 20, and then move a little closerto city fans with a concert at 7:30 p.m. July 27 at the New WorldMusic Theatre in Tinley Park.

Alpine Valley is at the Junction of County D and Wisconsin 120,and the New World is at 19100 S. Ridgeland.Tickets, priced at $37.75 and $47.75, go on sale at 10 a.m.today. Call (312) 559-1212.ON SALE TODAYRialto Square Theatre Fall '96 Shows; acts include the Coasters,the Drifters and the Platters, 8 p.m. June 8; Trisha …

Blue Jackets-Wild Sums

Columbus	0 1 1—2
Minnesota	2 2 0—4

First Period_1, Minnesota, Cullen 1 (Bouchard, Latendresse), 1:10. 2, Minnesota, Scandella 1 (Spurgeon), 16:20 (pp). Penalties_Schultz, Min (holding), 3:24; Koivu, Min (tripping), 11:03; Mayorov, Clm (interference), 14:46.

Second Period_3, Minnesota, Heatley 1 (Bouchard, Zidlicky), 10:40 (pp). 4, Columbus, Dorsett 1 (A.Johnson, Carter), 17:53. 5, Minnesota, Setoguchi 1 (Heatley, Koivu), 18:51. Penalties_Carter, Clm (cross-checking), 3:03; Spurgeon, …

US general in Afghan war to explain remarks Wed.

The U.S. commander of the war in Afghanistan is at the Pentagon, starting a day of meetings to explain derogatory remarks about the Obama administration that he and his aides made in a magazine article.

Gen. Stanley McChrystal was meeting with Defense Secretary Robert Gates and Adm. Mike Mullen, …

Sluggish economy slows park momentum

The recession. A longer-than-expected process to get plans approved. The Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.

Those events delayed construction and leasing activity last year for four large industrial business parks in Central Pennsylvania, said real estate developers and agents involved with the projects. While several of their warehouses were built and leased in 2001, the agents and developers acknowledged that projects progressed more slowly than they had hoped.

The owners of Crossroads Commerce Center, a 500,000-square-foot distribution center in Middlesex Township, Cumberland County, had hoped to have the building fully leased by early 2002. Now, the owners Equilibrium Equities Inc. of New York City and Conewago Enterprises Inc. of Hanover, York County - wish to have their building fully leased by late 2002.

Equilibrium Equities also plans to build a 705,000-square-foot distribution center within the existing Fairview Industrial Park in Fairview Township, northern York County. In June, that developer's president said he was in serious talks with a company that wanted to lease half of the proposed building's available space. No companies have signed leases yet, and Equilibrium

Equities doesn't expect any will until 2003.

In North Middleton Township, Cumberland County, a Reno, Nev.-based developer intends to build a 3.2-million-square-foot distribution center called Cumberland Logistics Park. The developer, DP Partners, had hoped to start on the first of four or five buildings by summer 2001. That didn't happen. Construction is now expected to begin in late spring or summer.

Finally, at Blue Mountain Logistics Park in West Hanover Township, Dauphin County, DP Partners has had trouble landing tenants for its 1.5-million-squarefoot distribution center's final two buildings. After finding companies to occupy nearly 1.1 million square feet, one of the developer's executives estimated the company would have the park fully leased by June 2001.

That didn't happen. The company hopes to lease the third building by the end of the first quarter, but it is uncertain when a fourth would be built, a real estate agent said.

The following is a more detailed look at the four industrial business park projects that stalled in 2001, with an update on who's leasing space, when prospective tenants are expected to sign leases, and why commitments have been harder to come by.

Crossroads Commerce Center

Genco Inc., a Pittsburgh-based logistics, warehousing and supply-chain management firm, is leasing 160,000 square feet in Crossroads Commerce

Center. Genco's manufacturing services division moved into the distribution center in October. The company is using its space to store products for Kraft Foods' Nabisco division.

Adam Meinstein, president of Equilibrium Equities, the co-owner of the building, said he is negotiating with three consumer product manufacturers who are interested in leasing space in the 500,000-square-foot commerce center. He declined to disclose the names of those prospective tenants, as no leases have been signed yet. Meinstein, who had originally hoped to have his building fully leased by early 2002, aims to have it fully leased by the end of 2002. The commerce center was built on speculation. "If not for Sept. 11, we'd have had more tenants by now," Meinstein said. "What happened Sept. 11 has slowed down our leasing a bit. Tenants have been slower to make commitments."

But business may be about to pick up.

Jim Adams, vice chairman of Genco, said he is negotiating with two consumer product manufacturers that want Genco to handle their returns processing, distribution, transportation management and warehousing. Those prospective tenants are interested in occupying a combined 360,000 square feet, he said. Genco hopes to hear from the interested parties by mid-January, he added.

If those companies decide to move their operations into the commerce center, Genco would lease more space, Adams said. As a third-party contract distributor, Genco structures its lease agreements to mirror the needs of its customers, he explained, requiring that the customers sign contracts stating how much space they need and how long they need it. Genco employs about a dozen workers in the commerce center, Adams said. If the two interested parties contract with Genco, 60 to 70 more jobs would be created, he said.

The economic slowdown has left Genco relatively unscathed, Adams said.

"The economy doesn't have the level of adversity on our business as it does on some other manufacturing or retail businesses," he said. "We've seen slightly lower activity with our individual customers, but because we've added new customers, our business continues to grow." Genco has 13 warehouses in Cumberland, Dauphin and Lebanon counties, Adams said.

Fairview Industrial Park distribution center

Equilibrium Equities has made lease proposals to two durable-goods manufacturers that are interested in moving into a proposed 705,000-square-foot distribution center to be built in Fairview Industrial Park. Each company is interested in leasing 300,000 square feet to 400,000 square feet, Meinstein of Equilibrium Equities said.

"I'd love to say these potential deals are newsworthy, but I could end up having the same conversation with you in six months," Meinstein said. "My expectation is that this project won't get leased until 2003, because it's such a large project."

Meinstein declined to disclose the interested companies, saying only that both companies do business in the Harrisburg metropolitan area.

Unlike Equilibrium's Crossroads Commerce Center project, the distribution center plan is being erected on a build-to-suit basis, meaning construction won't begin until leases are signed. Equilibrium's construction costs will total about $17 million, Meinstein said. Again, Meinstein said that the aftermath of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks has slowed his project.

"Things were modestly slower before Sept. 11, and the events of that day affected people's decision-making abilities," Meinstein said. "The challenge in our market has not been developers competing against developers; it's been corporate contractions."

Cumberland Logistics Park

In September, developer DP Partners received approvals from North Middleton Township to build a 3.2-million-square-foot distribution center. That approval process, which began in November 2000, took longer than the developer expected, said Michael Alderman, a partner with the Industrial Properties Group at NAI/Commercial-Industrial Realty Co. His Wormleysburg-based real estate firm is marketing the property for the developer. Although the developer has the township's permission to start, DP Partners might not break ground until the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation OKs the project.

Deborah Steffee, manager of North Middleton Township, said she hopes the developer will receive its two approvals from PENNDOT by the end of the first quarter. The developer needs PENNDOT to approve its highway occupancy permit application and its traffic impact study, she said. In essence, PENNDOT needs to see how the developer's project would affect state highways and intersections, and what roadway improvements the developer would need to make, if any, to reduce congestion.

Glenn Rowe, district traffic engineer for PENNDOT, was unsure when the developer would receive those approvals.

DP Partners hopes to begin construction on the first of four or five buildings planned for the industrial park in late spring or early summer, Alderman said. That building would be 805,000 square feet. The other buildings would range between 473,000 square feet and 1.4 million square feet, Alderman said.

DP Partners had intended to begin construction in summer 2001. The Industrial Properties Group hopes to have a tenant signed by mid-2003, he said.

The slower-than-anticipated approval process isn't the only reason the project has been delayed, Alderman said.

"This year has been marked by a recession, which may have had some effect on our leasing activity," he said.

Blue Mountain Logistics Park

Several companies want to lease Blue Mountain's third building, a 252,000square-foot structure that DP Partners completed the week of Dec. 10, said Alderman, who is in charge of leasing this project, as well. But no one has signed on the dotted line. He declined to identify the prospective tenants.

In an interview earlier this year, Aaron Paris, vice president and chief operating officer of DP Partners, said he expected the company would have the 1.5-millionsquare-foot industrial park fully leased by June 2001. Tenants have not yet been identified for the third building and a planned 137,000-square-foot warehouse, the park's final building. The first three buildings were speculative; the final building will be constructed on a build-to-suit basis, Alderman said. That decision was made recently, after the developer decided it was too risky to build another warehouse on a speculative basis, he said, It hasn't been determined when construction would begin on the final building, he said.

In early 2001, two companies began leasing space in Blue Mountain. One company is The Order People Co., a subsidiary of United Stationers in Des Plaines, Ill., an office equipment supplier. The other is OneSource Logistics, a division of C&S Wholesale Grocers of Brattleboro, Vt., a wholesale food distributor. Those companies share a 770,000-square-foot distribution center.

In April, UPS e-Logistics Inc., a division of Atlanta-based United Parcel Service, agreed to lease a 324,000-square-foot warehouse. Since then, no agreements have been signed.

INDUSTRIAL, PARKS IN THE MAKING

Blue Mountain Logistics Park: Construction is nearly finished on the 1.5-millionsquare-foot distribution center on 95 acres in West Hanover Township, Dauphin County. DP Partners of Reno, Nev., is developing the project. Three of the four buildings are completed. So far, there are three tenants:

* The Order People Co., a subsidiary of United Stationers in Des Plaines, Ill., an office equipment supplier;

* OneSource Logistics, a division of C&S Wholesale Grocers Inc. of Brattleboro, Vt., a wholesale food distributor; and

* UPS e-Logistics Inc., a division of Atlanta-based United Parcel Service.

Crossroads Commerce Center: A 500,000-square-foot distribution center that was completed this past summer in Middlesex Township, Cumberland County. The owners are Equilibrium Equities Inc. of New York City and Conewago Enterprises Inc. of Hanover, York County. Construction costs were about $12 million, said Adam Meinstein, Equilibrium's president. The center is south of where Interstate 81 crosses the Pennsylvania Turnpike. Genco Inc., a Pittsburghbased logistics, warehousing and supply-chain management firm, leases 160,000 square feet in the center.

Cumberland Logistics Park: A 3.2-million-square-foot distribution center that is planned for 222 acres in North Middleton Township, Cumberland County. DP Partners a Reno, Nev.-based industrial/commercial developer, hopes to begin construction in late spring or early summer on the first of four or five buildings. That first building will have 805,000 square feet. No tenants have signed leases yet.

Fairview Industrial Park distribution center: A 705,000-square-foot distribution center to be built in Farview Industrial Park, Fairview Township, northern York County. Equilibrium Equities plans to begin constructing the distribution center by late 2002. Meinstein estimates construction costs will be about $17 million. No tenants have signed leases yet.

Jordanian man pleads guilty in Dallas bombing plot

Hosam Smadi parked a sport-utility vehicle in the garage beneath a Dallas skyscraper, activated a timer connected to what he thought was a bomb and used a cell phone to try remotely detonating the explosive he had spent months working to obtain.

Smadi, 19, who pleaded guilty Wednesday to attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction, had hoped the bomb would bring down the 60-story building, kill thousands of office workers and create financial havoc.

Instead, he was arrested, having been supplied with a fake truck bomb by undercover FBI agents posing as al-Qaida operatives.

U.S. District Judge Barbara Lynn deferred a decision on whether to accept the Jordanian teenager's plea Wednesday, saying she preferred to hear more evidence and wait until sentencing. She did not immediately schedule a sentencing hearing. His trial had been set for next month.

The charge is punishable by life in prison, but if Lynn accepts the plea agreement, Smadi would serve no more than 30 years and then be deported. Prosecutors have agreed to drop a charge accusing him of bombing a public place.

"Today's guilty plea underscores the continuing threat we face from lone actors who, although not members of any international terrorist organization, are willing to carry out acts of violence in this country to further the terrorist cause," said David Kris, the assistant attorney general for national security.

Peter Fleury, Smadi's public defender, told the judge that a prison doctor and a physician working for the defense have diagnosed his client with schizophrenia. Smadi is taking anti-psychotic and antidepressant medications.

"I feel differently when I take them," Smadi told the judge.

Fleury has argued in earlier court filings that Smadi exhibited signs of depression and mental illness when his parents separated and that he "completely fell apart" when his mother died of brain cancer.

After the hearing, Fleury said his client is neither political nor religious.

"This case has been a complete mystery," Fleury said. "Everybody who has met Hosam Smadi thinks he is a nice, kind, generous man. And yet he did this terrible thing."

Throughout the rearraignment hearing, Lynn took pains to ensure Smadi understood the ramifications of his plea. An interpreter translated her questions into Smadi's native Arabic. Smadi, wearing an orange prison jumpsuit and leg shackles, said he understood her and frequently responded directly to Lynn in accented English, politely addressing her as "Judge" and "Your Honor."

Smadi said he came to the United States when he was 16 and was educated here through the 11th grade.

When questioned by the judge, Smadi acknowledged leaving what he thought was a truck bomb in a garage beneath the 60-story Fountain Place building in September.

In his signed statement, Smadi said he parked the truck, activated a timer connected to the decoy, then rode away with an undercover agent and waited to watch the explosion.

The FBI said it had been monitoring Smadi after discovering him on an extremist website last year. Investigators said he acted alone and wasn't affiliated with any terrorist organizations.

Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials have said Smadi came to the U.S. on a tourist visa in 2007, but overstayed the time he was allowed to be in the country.

___

Associated Press writer Terry Wallace contributed to this report.

Italians again poised to rule in UEFA Cup

The UEFA Cup has belonged to Italian teams in the '90s, so itwould make sense if the decade closed with an all-Italian final.

Bologna plays Olympique Marseille (France), and Parma playsAtletico Madrid (Spain) in the semifinals today.

Parma is favored, but Bologna is the underdog. Marseille,however, is not overconfident."Since the World Cup, French teams have gotten rid of theirinferiority complex when they take on the Italian sides, but they(Italian teams) have this capability to beat anyone," Marseillesweeper Laurent Blanc said.Defender Patrick Blondeau (knee) could miss the game forMarseille. Marseille's Italian forward Fabrizio Ravanelli, a veteranof many Serie A battles, has a wealth of inside information onBologna."I know the Bologna team nearly as well as I know my wife," hesaid. "You can bet they are going to play their match of the season,maybe of their life."Atletico Madrid will have a difficult time containing forwardsHernan Crespo and Enrico Chiesa, but Parma might have a tough timestopping Jose Mari Romero and Juninho, especially with Italiannational team defender Fabio Cannavaro suspended for the game.SHADES OF 1950: Dan Califf scored in the 11th minute Monday togive the United States a 1-0 victory against England in theAmericans' opener at the FIFA World Youth Championship in Kano,Nigeria.Califf scored off a pass from Francisco Gomez, and Tim Howardmade several big saves. The United States is tied for the Group Elead with Cameroon, which beat Japan 2-1. Humberto Perez,Sun-Times wires

Insurers make pitch for health coverage mandate

The health insurance industry said Wednesday it will support a national health care overhaul that requires them to accept all customers, regardless of pre-existing medical conditions, but in return it wants lawmakers to mandate that everyone buy coverage.

Lawmakers have signaled their intent to craft health care legislation early next year, and the insurance industry's support would make passage easier. That legislation is expected to closely track the proposals of president-elect Barack Obama. However, Obama separated himself from his Democratic challengers by opposing an individual mandate for adults to buy health insurance.

More lawmakers may agree to a mandate if it means the insurance industry will back those efforts. They'll remember it was the industry's opposition 15 years ago that helped scuttle former President Clinton's health plan.

The board of directors for America's Health Insurance Plans agreed to the trade-off Monday night. The board endorsed the proposal after a series of hearings in various states.

"We hope this will be a contribution to help members of Congress fashion their proposal," said Karen Ignagni, president and chief executive officer of the trade group. "We're going to provide all the technical background that we have assembled, all the experience we've assembled at the state level, and we're going to work very hard with members of Congress on both sides of the aisle. We want to make sure that whatever reforms are advanced, no one falls through the cracks."

Obama's health plan calls for a health insurance exchange, a sort of government-run shopping center where customers could go to select from private plans or a plan administered by the federal government. Any insurer that wants to participate in that exchange must accept all customers regardless of pre-existing health conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease.

Insurers will want to participate in the exchange because government subsidies will make it easier for millions of people to buy coverage from them. But the insurers say that experience in the states shows the coverage guarantee often made it harder for people to find coverage. That's because insurers raised premiums to meet the expense of covering all applicants with chronic health conditions.

"They ended up making the problem much worse," Ignagni said of the state efforts. "The data is clear about the need to have everyone part of the system."

Analysts say Massachusetts is an example where the coverage guarantee has worked well, but it's also a state that requires everyone to buy health coverage or suffer a tax penalty.

Some key Democratic lawmakers have already expressed support for an individual mandate. The concept was a centerpiece of Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton's health care plan. It was also part of the blueprint offered last week by Sen. Max Baucus, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee.

The life of Roy Charles Harris

Born: February 1920 DIED: June 2004 MARRIED: Joan CHILDREN: David,Roger OCCUPATION: One of the founders of Harris Brothers, Roy camefrom a large family with seven brothers and two sisters.

And that bond with his family was a vital part of his life when heset up the Kingswood firm Harris Brothers, with two of his brothers,Cecil and Vic.

Before he started the family firm he served his country in theSecond World War. In 1939, Roy received his papers and joined as asoldier of the First Paras and Eleventh SAS and was in action inEurope.

In 1942, when parachuting into Sicily, Roy was injured when theGermans opened fire as they came down. Roy was captured and takenprisoner of war where he spent long periods in solitary confinementwhich affected his health.

He married Joan in 1946 and in the same year set up HarrisBrothers furniture-maker's and reupholsterer's - still a thrivingbusiness today, headed up by his first son David, who was born a yearafter it was started.

A family friend said: "How can Roy be best remembered? He was aloving husband, a devoted father, a good friend, a true mason.Despite his own health problems, he was always ready to listen. Hewas a loveable character, loved by all, who brought sunshine to ourlives."

Kids' ER concussion visits up 60 pct over decade

ATLANTA (AP) — The number of athletic children going to hospitals with concussions is up 60 percent in the past decade, a finding that is likely due to parents and coaches being more careful about getting head injuries treated, according to a new federal study.

"It's a good increase, if that makes any sense," said Steven Marshall, interim director of the University of North Carolina's Injury Prevention and Research Center.

"These injuries were always there. It's not that there are more injuries now. It's just that now people are getting treatment that they weren't getting before," said Marshall, who was not involved in the new research.

Bicycling and football were the leading reasons for the kids' brain injuries, but health officials said that could be at least partly related to the popularity of those activities. For example, it's possible many more kids bike, so a larger number of bike-related injuries would be expected.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study is based on a survey of 66 hospital emergency departments that was designed to be nationally representative. The CDC looked at non-fatal data for the years 2001 through 2009 for kids and teens ages 19 and younger.

The agency looked at traumatic brain injuries, a category of injuries that mostly counts concussions but also includes skull fractures and bleeding in the brain.

The estimated numbers of kids coming into ERs with these brain injuries rose dramatically, about 153,000 in 2001 to nearly 250,000 in 2009. The rate also rose, also by about 60 percent.

However, there was not a significant increase in the rate of kids who were immediately admitted into the main hospital for further treatment. That suggests that more so that in the past, more coaches and parents have been bringing kids to the ER with mild concussions and blows to the head, said Dr. Julie Gilchrist, a CDC epidemiologist who led the study.

That's probably due to more awareness of the formerly under-appreciated long-term hazards of concussions, she added.

In 2003, the CDC started a "Heads Up" youth concussion awareness campaign targeting doctors. Since then, the agency has expanded the focus to coaches and school officials.

That effort was bolstered by series of studies that began to appear around 2005 that showed damage in the brains of former National Football League players.

Asian and white boys' competing discourses about masculinity: implications for secondary education

Research examining boys' notions of masculinity is on the rise, but little attention has been given to those of Asian Canadian boys. This interview-based study explores 10 Asian and White high school boys' discussions about masculinity in the context of their gender, culture, and "race." Feminist poststructuralist analysis reveals these boys' complex negotiations with hegemonic masculinity and suggests that gender, culture, and "race" play a significant role in considerations of masculinity. These boys' discussions challenge hegemonic notions of masculinity and have implications for secondary education, particularly boys' schooling.

In recent years, feminist and other scholars have begun to examine topics such as masculinity (Connell, 1995; Segal, 1990), sexuality, and boys' schooling (Connell, 1996; Frank, 1994, 1996; Jackson & Salisbury, 1996; Nayak & Kehily, 1996). This research shows that an aggressive male heterosexuality went unchallenged in Canadian, American, English, and Australian secondary schools. Studies of boys' masculinity have focused primarily on White working-class (Connell, 1989) or White middle- and upper-class (Frank, 1994, 1996) boys' notions of manhood. A few empirical studies of masculinity have looked at South Asian boys' understandings of manhood (Mac an Ghaill, 1994) and adult Asian men's experiences with masculinity (Chen, 1999; Cheng, 1999). However, little attention has been paid to how teenage boys, in particular Asian boys, make sense of their masculinity.(1)

This article helps fill the gap by exploring how the discourses about masculinity of a small sample of Asian and White boys are mediated by their gender, culture, and "race."(2) My feminist poststructuralist analysis reveals the complexity of these boys' negotiations with hegemonic masculinity. For instance, all the boys challenged the hegemonic masculinity perpetuated in Canada and the United States. Some also articulated their struggles with this dominant notion. For certain Asian boys, the transition between acting as a hegemonic male and resisting this masculine role was somewhat influenced by their cultural understandings of gender. By contrast, for the Canadianized Asian boy and his White peers, relationships with hegemonic masculinity were determined largely by their efforts to establish their masculinity in terms of their heterosexuality. The themes emerging from this analysis have significant implications for boys' secondary schooling.

THEORIZING HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY

According to feminist and other scholars, masculinity is historically and socially constructed (Kenway & Fitzclarence, 1997; Segal, 1990). The form practiced by the dominant group in a culture is called "hegemonic masculinity" (Cheng, 1999; Connell, 1996). Because other forms of masculinity can coexist with it, a boy can draw on multiple masculinities in his efforts to develop his identity both as an individual and as a male. Connell (1996) asserts that although the hegemonic form of masculinity may be what many boys aspire to achieve, it is not necessarily talked about or practiced by most boys.

The current construction of hegemonic masculinity in North America is characterized by male heterosexuality and physical, social, and economic power (Connell, 1995; Segal, 1990). This version legitimizes White heterosexual men's dominance over women, gay men, and ethnic minorities (Connell, 1995, p. 77), making femininity and marginalized masculinities inferior. Several White boys in my study stated that speaking and acting aggressively towards girls and other boys was an important way to display masculinity. Thus boys' "performance" of manhood is validated when they dominate others through their talk and practices.

Several feminist scholars have written about the power of these "commonsense" discourses (Miller, 1993; Weedon, 1997). For instance, Miller (1993) asserts that "commonsense discourses [are] descriptions of reality that 'go without saying'... and give people ways to understand the world" (p. 361). She believes that the "hegemonic power" of everyday discourses, such as those about masculinity, stems from their being seen as "unchallengeable, natural orders." A few Asian and White boys in my study identified male heterosexual prowess, a significant part of hegemonic masculinity, as a rarely disputed standard of masculinity. Their discussions revealed their active attempts to negotiate with dominant discourses about manhood.

My feminist poststructuralist analysis recognizes that boys are active in their resistance or conformity to hegemonic masculinity (Davies, 1993), that masculinity has multiple meanings, and that the category of "boys" is problematic due to boys' cultural and social differences (Davies, 1993). So, boys draw on different and often competing discourses about masculinity. There were differences between Asian and White boys' talk about masculinity as well as differences within both cultural groups. Feminist poststructuralism presents masculinity as socially constructed and mediated by gender, culture, "race," and class. For instance, in many Asian cultures, public expressions of one's sexuality are perceived as causing shame or dishonour to the family, and several U.S. studies found that many Asian American teenagers are aware of their parents' expectations and the importance of tradition and self-discipline (Chan, 1994). Because feminist poststructuralism suggests that young men formulate their ideas and expressions of masculinity in part according to the cultural options available to them, it is necessary to examine their culture to understand fully the meanings they attach to masculinity. Feminist poststructuralism further acknowledges that not all individuals have access to alternative, nonhegemonic discourses (Weedon, 1997). Hegemonic discourses about masculinity pervade North American culture--including school texts and talk -- and limit boys' and girls' understanding of gender. Feminist poststructuralist analysis can explain where Asian and White boys' notions of masculinity manifest themselves in their lives, how these notions are expressed through discourse, why these discourses may be contradictory or incoherent, and how these discourses can change.

METHOD

I interviewed 10 male students from two secondary schools in a pre-dominantly middle-class, culturally diverse city in British Columbia. The interviews were part of a larger set of 32 interviews conducted in these schools with 12 male and 14 female students, and 3 male and 3 female violence-prevention program instructors. Students who participated in the program were told about my study. After taking the program, the 12 male and 14 female students volunteered for interviews with me, once in a focus group (males and female groups separately) and once individually. Each interview lasted 45-60 minutes. Interview questions were semi-structured and focused on students' beliefs about masculinity, femininity, sexuality, and male violence. I analyzed two focus groups and 10 individual interviews. Four students were Asian (one each of Japanese Canadian, Chinese Filipino Canadian, Chinese, and Taiwanese origin), and 6 were White (1 from South Africa, 1 from the United States, and 4 from Canada). The 2 male students not included were American Caribbean and Indo-Canadian. All the boys were in Grade 10 and aged 15 or 16.

There is growing concern, particularly among feminists, about positioning oneself in one's research. As an Asian woman studying Asian and White teenage boys, I could not conduct same-sex and, in several cases, same-culture interviews. Yet, it would have been inappropriate for me to ask two men (one Asian, one White) to do the interviews because a shared culture or gender identity does not necessarily equalize power differentials inherent in the research relationship (Rhoads, 1997). Such a strategy might be useful for other researchers, but I believe that interviewing these boys myself allowed me to achieve consistency and accuracy in my data collection and interpretation. The boys chose to talk to me because of their desire to challenge negative male stereotypes and their openness to alternative understandings of masculinity.

BOYS' DISCOURSES ABOUT MASCULINITY

Hegemonic Representations of Male Power

All the boys in my study said that dominant masculinity, whether in North America or in other societies, depicts certain men as having power over women and other men. Both Asian and White boys believed this power continues to be expressed in a man's physical build and strength. Here is how two White boys responded when I asked them "What image comes to your mind when you hear the word 'masculine' or 'masculinity'?"

JKM:(3) The first thing I thought of when you said "masculinity" was the big beefy guy... just a big guy... who has a lot of self-respect, is fairly big in size... and also a lot of what society thinks... all the girls like him. He's big. He has muscles. He's athletic.

Pazooki: Some big-ass guy, just harsh-ribbed, like huge biceps, 6 pack [with very well-defined abdominal muscles]... that's masculinity.

By contrast, when asked about the insights he had shared about hegemonic masculinity, one Asian (Julio) stated that in Asian cultures, masculinity is characterized primarily by a man's familial responsibility.

The personality of a Chinese guy is to basically keep face, I think. I've heard [it] lots of times. Like if the Chinese man was like to lose his business, he loses face basically... he loses his status in society... of being a rich guy and stuff like that. Yeah, basically they feel like they should be the ones supporting the family, like feeding the children. The wife should be at home, helping them out with school and stuff, being a housewife. But I don't think it's too important. I think it should be shared out equally 'cause I don't want to be the one to push around the family, saying I earn the money around here so you should listen to me, 'cause I don't want my kids to hate me for that. I want it to be equal, like me and my wife share the bills, not only the man paying for it. Really depends where your status is in society, like, maybe your wife's a bank manager and you're just an employee at the bank. So, it doesn't really matter as long as you guys get off well in life. You both succeed. Doesn't really matter if the wife earns more or the man earns more.

Significantly, he shared his feeling that he himself did not care who earned the family income, as long as they were financially secure. Julio identified himself as Chinese Filipino Canadian earlier in his interview, but he did not take up the stereotypical Chinese masculinity associated with male social status and familial responsibility that he described. His talk suggests that boys who are aware of cultural stereotypes of gender do not necessarily draw on them to formulate their own identities as males.

The face-saving that Julio mentioned is central to Asian cultures and not only achieved by a man's social status but also expressed in his quiet demeanour. For instance, Chua and Fujino (1999) found that many American-born men of Chinese and Japanese descent associated their masculinity with "caring characteristics such as being polite and obedient" (p. 408). These Asian men saw nurturing qualities as part of their male power. Yet, Western hegemonic masculine readings of these men would label them effeminate and passive, and thus unmanly.

Three White boys I interviewed believed that although the bread-winning model of masculinity was fading in Western society, it continued to be important for many males. They said that men no longer held financial power over women because of women's increased education and status in the workforce. This is illustrated by two White boys' responses when I asked them to give me an example of a Canadian or American view of a man's role:

Antonio: Women aren't staying at home. They're going out and getting -- well, of course they have education, but they put it to use and go out and get jobs... it's not the tea party at home while the man works.

Dante: I don't think anymore there's really a man's role. I think it's just like to do with your self-esteem. It's basically been portrayed that the man's role is to get a job and bring home the money... but since it's changing, like the man won't work and the woman will go out and work. But, among his friends might be this, it might be diminishing. Like degrading to your self-esteem, that a girl is bringing home the money.

Antonio's statement "it's not the tea party at home while the man works" appears to harbour a sexist attitude toward traditional, middle-class marital arrangements. However, his discussion also illustrates his belief that many women today do not depend on men financially. According to Dante, the image of the economically powerful man is losing momentum in Western society. Yet he also believes that many men still associate their manhood with their ability to earn money. In addition, when asked what image came to mind when he heard the word "masculine" or "masculinity," Dante responded that masculinity included having a "macho" attitude towards women.

Probably like a big, big huge strong guy... physically big... I'm not saying that it's good but he probably walks around like all big, like walks around all hefty and stuff. He probably, like he's probably got a huge ego, like "Yo, baby"... that kind of view. And he's probably doing, like he's probably the one yelling all those phrases like "Yo, baby, you've got nice legs" or whatever.

These interviews suggest that certain males who do not have economic control but desire it may resort to other means of achieving power. Jackson and Salisbury (1996) argue that "with the demise of the traditional model of the male breadwinner, in regular work, bringing home a 'family wage,' the old incentives to become a respectable, working man -- status, pride, security -- are collapsing" (p. 104). They believe that many boys today are then left with an aggressive and (hetero)sexist masculinity that hurts other boys and girls, and fuels their own academic underachievement.

Sports and Hegemonic Masculinity

When I asked the Asian boys what type of man they wanted to become, their responses indicated that their ambitions centred primarily on nonathletic pursuits:

Tom: I don't like sports... I really want to be in the movie business and I like art... drawing. And I like acting. But I've changed my mind about painting recently because I think that... I cannot make tons of money so I was... kind of stuck on the movie business... I would like to be someone that's surprising. It's like you think of that person, you don't think he can do certain things and then you surprise them. I want people to amaze [sic].

Polo:... I would like to be self-confident. I probably rather be more mentally strong than more physically. And I want to be like a cook or like maybe, I want to have some of those kinds of skills.

For Tom, being a man was about astonishing people with his artistic or acting abilities rather than with his athletic performance. His struggles with masculinity appeared to be between his creative endeavours and his desire to "make tons of money." Earlier in the interview, Polo said that Japanese culture, like Canadian culture, values boys' participation in sports. However, his discussion indicated that he played sports for fun rather than to express his athletic competence or mental skill, or to establish his male power. He did not identify his manliness with athletics.

All the Asian boys played sports, but only one participated in competitive school sports. By contrast, all the White boys were involved in competitive school sports such as soccer, hockey, basketball, and football. For them, whether in gym class or on the schools' athletic teams, sports were not only a male activity but also an important means of expressing their masculinity. In answer to my question, "A lot of adults think that teenage guys are aggressive [but] what do you think?" JKM replied:

[Guys] are more aggressive in sports... I was on the football team because I wanted to be... I've always been considered... more quiet [pause] not stays out of fights, more avoids fights. I was always tall but I was more the weak tall person, and I wanted to be viewed differently because I really didn't have a ton of friends then. So I joined the football team and I was always on the ground, always. And now, like just halfway through the new semester, we started up a new semester [sic] and we, we're having football in class. And some of the people who I was going against, who I would have run away from before, like just playing football in class we were allowed to play tackle. They ran away from me. I was more mowing them down because I've learned to use my size to my advantage and my strength more.

He struggled to gain peer acceptance by proving his physical strength and athletic skill.

When I asked Willy, another White student, about his views on gender-separate and co-ed violence-prevention workshops, he replied:

It's like P.E. class, I don't think girls and guys belong together. Like if I'm playing hockey with a girl, I really don't want to be there because I don't want to have to hit her. Like in hockey, there's bumping and stuff... I don't take my aggression out in fighting, I take it out in sports. You know, if I hit you and you're hurt, well hit me back. But don't punch me, hit me back in the game. I don't want to hurt anyone. But... if I hit someone and you're upset about it, you should hit me back in the game, won't upset me, but don't, let's not fight over it.

Willy sees sports as a stage where he can act out his physical aggression legitimately. White boys' discussions indicate that they draw on a dominant masculinity discourse that values certain sports as conduits for displaying physical skill and toughness. By playing these sports, they enter the masculine world of athletic prowess and gain peer acceptance.

Significantly, although certain Asian boys placed less importance on their athletic ability than did their White peers, two named professional athletes when asked who their male role model was. Here is what one Asian boy, Kolo, shared:

[Kobe Bryant] played on the L.A. Lakers. He's a basketball player. He got money and he got fame, so that's why I think guys would, at least I would, want to admire him. And his education isn't that bad. I don't remember his score on the SAT, but it's pretty high. I think it said in the newspaper that he can enroll in almost any school in the States if he wants to. He plays on the Lakers, but at the same time he still goes to school. He worked hard for [everything] and he got it.

Like his White peers, Kolo looked up to a professional male athlete, but his emphasis was on this basketball star's work ethic and intellectual strength. That is, one of the things Kolo most respected about this man was that he worked hard not only at his athletic skill but also his at educational pursuits. By contrast, when naming their male role models, White boys who selected a professional athlete tended to focus on the athlete's fame, fortune, or popularity with women. JKM said:

Michael Jordan. He's just tall. He has money. He has lots of respect from other people. He's got like, you see people with like these T-shirts on, his name is written on. You can almost find it anywhere. He's just known really well.

This talk suggests that certain Asian boys identified a strong work and academic ethic as key ingredients in being a man, whereas White boys focused more on popularity. The literature on ethnic masculinity reports that Asian cultures attach less meaning to Western notions of sport due to their strong cultural education/work ethic (Flemming, 1991).

Negotiating With Hegemonic Masculinity

Both Asian and White boys' discourses about masculinity problematize the concept of a single, hegemonic masculinity. However, their discussions also show the tensions they feel in relation to the dominant version of masculinity. Julio, an Asian boy who appeared to struggle with it more than did his Asian peers, echoed the discourse of his White peers. I asked him to elaborate on the images that came to mind when he heard the word "masculinity":

I read basketball magazines but nothing to do with your image. But you see basketball players and they're all muscular, so you kind of want to be like them. 'Cause there's not really any magazines that focus on guys should look like this basically... and like in ads too. You never see a fat guy advertising cologne. It's always a real muscular guy advertising Calvin Klein or Polo or whatever... yeah it's like the world saying you have to look like this in order to get a girl, 'cause it always shows a mascular guy with a beautiful girl. If you're not muscular, you won't get a beautiful girl. That's what it's trying to impose on people, I guess.

Julio's discourse unveils many young men's complex negotiations with choosing between refusing or playing hegemonic masculinity. He is able to articulate an awareness of the media image of the ideal man as having both an athletic physique and beautiful women. Yet his struggles with this ideal are also apparent from his talk: "I read basketball magazines but nothing to do with your image. But you see basketball players and they're all muscular, so you kind of want to be like them." Julio realizes that these magazines portray an ideal of the male muscular physique, although within the context of sports, and admits that many boys feel pressured to take it up. His talk is especially important because it shows one way that many boys reach outside themselves to gain acceptance as males.

Another example of boys' negotiations is evident in the critique by a White boy, Willy:

There might be some pressure to be big and strong but I think it's impossible. No one's perfect. If you're perfect, you'll be on a magazine cover... If you're big and strong and you know, you look decent, average marks, have a nice car, everything's going for you. That's my vision of a man.

Willy's talk about the impossibility of achieving this ideal illustrates his desire to adopt aspects of hegemonic masculinity. Although he believes this is an unrealistic image that can only be seen in magazines, he aspires to it: "That's my vision of a man." What keeps him from striving to embody it is that he believes it to be out of his reach, not that he sees it as problematic.

When I asked what boys wanted out of dating relationships, several Asian and White boys challenged the stereotype that males are sex-driven maniacs.

Julio: Well, it's a stereotype that guys look for stuff in girls like big breasts and like a nice body.

Kolo: It's not all we want.

Dante: I think guys and girls want more of a sexual relationship, like equally... like it's made up that the guys think about sex like 24-7, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, right. I don't think a lot of guys do that. I think we're stereotyped that way. Like after we had the [violence-prevention program], I had girls coming up to me and say "Oh, you guys think of sex like every 8 seconds," which is totally not true. Like we're not like some sex maniac. It's like a total stereotype that guys are just out there for sex. Guys want meaningful relationships and they're not just out there to get some.

Arlo: Yeah, I get pissed off at a lot of girls because they put it out like we're the bad guys in it, right... they kind of sit back and say the guys are bad, but a lot of times it's the girls who are initiating.

Julio: [Girls] like do something to you... like give you signs that they want something to happen, but when [guys] do something, they say like you're moving too fast or whatever.

Asian and White boys' talk challenges prevailing stereotypes of teenage males as hormone driven while revealing their negotiations with the heterosexual prowess aspect of hegemonic masculinity. One Asian boy and a few of his White peers also argued not only that many boys resist a discourse about masculinity that involves heterosexual conquest but also that girls often initiate sexual relationships. These boys' discussions show that we need to reconsider the interplay between gender, culture, "race," and masculinity within the context of boys' schooling.

IMPLICATIONS FOR BOYS' SCHOOLING

Unlike most research on masculinity and boys' schooling, this study included Asian boys' discourses about masculinity. Although the themes that emerged may not be generalizable, my findings suggest that the interaction between boys' notions of masculinity and their gender, culture, and "race" is multifaceted. Both the Asian and the White boys identified the dominant notions of masculinity in Canada and the U.S.A. However, they also struggled in their negotiations with this dominant view. Certain Asian boys, for instance, were less likely than their Asian and White peers to identify their masculinity with their athletic ability. Furthermore, several boys were aware of the problems with taking up a hegemonic discourse of manhood yet able to understand to some degree the benefits of "acting" the role of a hegemonic man.

Research examining masculinity and boys' schooling has shown that schools serve as one major site for producing and transmitting dominant notions of masculinity. Kenway (1995) argues that "masculinities associated with class, ethnic and sexual groupings... intersect with the dominant discourse of schooling" (p. 63). In recent years, Canadian and U.S. schools have experienced an increase in the number of students from various Asian cultures, some born and raised in Canada and the United States, others recent immigrants. Many possess a mix of Asian and Western cultural ideals that affect how they become gendered beings. New ways of reading boys' notions of masculinity are therefore needed.

The boys I interviewed had participated in a school-sponsored violence-prevention program that dealt with hegemonic masculinity and offered an alternative, nonviolent masculinity. Although the program did not draw on a feminist poststructuralist approach (which addresses cultural notions of masculinity), it did give the boys in my study an opportunity to challenge hegemonic masculinity. In addition, these boys' positive experiences with this program suggest that certain secondary education programs, such as violence-prevention workshops, may serve as a place for some boys to discuss their negotiations with hegemonic masculinity. Lingard and Douglas (1999) assert that pro-feminist programs are more likely than masculinist programs to address boys' negotiations with hegemonic masculinity within the context of their relationships with girls and other boys. Providing access to programs that both acknowledge boys' ability to possess multiple masculinities and validate their struggles with their masculinities will help boys understand their experiences better. For instance, a gay boy may be simultaneously marginalized for his "unmanly" sexual practices and celebrated for his muscular physique and athletic aggression on the field.

Although boys play an active role in their relationships with hegemonic masculinity, there is little social support for or understanding of their struggles. Many parents and adults working with boys and many boys remain heavily invested in dominant discourses about manhood and are likely to discourage the use of feminist poststructuralism in education programs to destabilize conventional gender or cultural story lines. More research on boys' -- particularly Asian boys' -- discourses about masculinity will help teachers and counsellors working with these boys to understand the gendered and cultural meanings that Asian and White boys give to masculinity.

REFERENCES

Chan, C. (1994). Asian-American adolescents: Issues in the expression of sexuality. In J. M. Irvine (Ed.), Sexual cultures and construction of adolescent identities (pp. 88-99). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Chen, A. (1999). Lives at the center of the periphery, lives at the periphery of the center: Chinese American masculinities and bargaining with hegemony. Gender & Society, 13, 584-607.

Cheng, C. (1999). Marginalized masculinities and hegemonic masculinity: An Introduction. Journal of Men's Studies, 7, 295-315.

Chua, P., & Fujino, D. (1999). Negotiating new Asian-American masculinities: Attitudes and gender expectations. Journal of Men's Studies, 7, 391-413.

Connell, R. W. (1989). Cool guys, swots and wimps: The interplay of masculinity and education. Oxford Review of Education, 15, 291-303.

Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Connell, R. W. (1996). Teaching the boys: New research on masculinity and gender strategies for schools. Teachers College Record, 98, 206-235.

Davies, B. (1993). Shards of glass: Children reading and writing beyond gendered identities. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Fine, M., & Weis, L. (1996). Writing the "wrongs" of fieldwork: Confronting our own research/writing dilemmas in urban ethnographies. Qualitative Inquiry, 2, 251-274.

Flemming, S. (1991). Sport, schooling and Asian male youth culture. In G. Jarvis (Ed.), Sport, racism and ethnicity (pp. 30-35). London: Falmer Press.

Frank, B. (1994). Queer selves/queer in schools: Young men and sexualities. In S. Prentice (Ed.), Sex in schools (pp. 44-59). Toronto: Our Schools/Our Selves.

Frank, B. (1996). Masculinities and schooling: The making of men. In J. R. Epp & A. M. Watkinson (Eds.), Systematic violence: How schools hurt children (pp. 113-129). Washington, DC: Falmer Press.

Jackson, D., & Salisbury, J. (1996). Why should secondary schools take working with boys seriously? Gender and Education, 8, 103-115.

Kenway, J. (1995). Masculinity in schools: Under siege, on the defensive and under reconstruction. Discourse, 16, 59-79.

Kenway, J., & Fitzclarence, L. (1997). Masculinity, violence and schooling: Challenging "poisonous pedagogies." Gender and Education, 9, 117-133.

Lingard, B., & Douglas, P. (1999). Programmes for boys in schools. In B. Lingard & P. Douglas (Eds.), Men engaging feminisms: Pro-feminism, backlashes and schooling (pp. 131-155). Buckingham: Open University Press.

Mac an Ghaill, M. (1994). (In)visibility: Sexuality, race and masculinity in the school context. In D. Epstein (Ed.), Challenging lesbian and gay inequalities in education (pp. 152-176). Buckingham: Open University Press.

Miller, L. (1993). Claims-making from the underside: Marginalization and social problems analysis. In J. Holstein & G. Miller (Eds.), Reconsidering social constructionism: Debates in social problems theory (pp. 349-376). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Nayak, A., & Kehily, M. (1996). Playing it straight: Masculinities, homophobias and schooling. Journal of Gender Studies, 5, 211-230.

Rhoads, R. A. (1997). Crossing sexual orientation borders: Collaborative strategies for dealing with issues of positionality and representation. Qualitative Studies in Education, 10(1), 7-23.

Segal, L. (1990). Slow motion: Changing masculinities, changing men. London: Virago.

Weedon, C. (1997). Feminist practice and poststructuralist theory (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

(1) The boys in Mac an Ghaill's study were of South Asian descent (from India, Pakistan, etc.). Some researchers use the term Asian to refer to a broad range of Asian cultures--grouping people from Pakistan and East India with those from Mainland China and Taiwan. For simplicity, I use Asian to refer only to Chinese (Hong Kong, Mainland China, and Taiwan), Filipino, and Japanese cultures. I use White to refer to a range of White ethnic groups (including White South African and French Canadian).

(2) The term race suggests that biological differences exist between different groups of humans (Fine & Weis, 1996). Some researchers replace the biological race with culture and ignore the distinctions between these terms. For example, assertions that Asian males have smaller bodies than White males tap into "race," whereas assertions that Asian teens are less likely to begin sexual relationships than their White peers are cultural. In this article, I use "race," in quotation marks, to indicate the racist roots of the notion of race.

(3) Participants chose their own fictious names.

Trump wins support spreading ignorance

Donald Trump has risen to the top of the Republican presidential candidate ratings while campaigning on the nutty charge that President Obama isn't American, that he is not legally qualified to be president.

The Trump effect has led others, like Sarah Palin, to start hedging their dismissal of these absurdities. If this continues, the Republican race could turn into a race for the muck.

America deserves better. Jobs are short; wages aren't keeping up; home values keep falling. The banks are doing fine, but people are still losing their homes. The rich are paying fewer taxes while the poor pay more fees. The middle class is getting crushed. Good jobs are still shipped abroad, replaced, if at all, by lower-wage work. There is now more student loan debt owed in America than credit card debt.

We need a serious debate about what we do to get out of this hole.

At the federal and state level, furious debates have begun. Conservative legislators and governors are pushing to cut taxes on the rich and on corporations, even as they slash support for schools and health care. With gas rising over $4 a gallon, conservatives return to their "drill, baby, drill" position, while liberals call for accelerating the transition to renewable energy.

We need a vigorous debate about what our strategy is and should be.

Donald Trump made a fortune in real estate. He presumably would have much to say about how we deal with our debt, handle the continuing housing crisis, or develop a high-end manufacturing strategy that works. He likely has serious views about energy policy, and certainly about whether we should raise or lower taxes on the wealthy.

Instead of entering that debate, he's riding a toxic wave by emitting poisonous charges he must know are not true. This nonsense about Obama's birth is one of various efforts to label him as un-American, as alien. Some say he's not a Christian, but a Muslim. Mike Huckabee muses on the Kenyan socialism Obama must have imbibed while growing up in Kenya, where he never lived.

This is an old and tawdry game. When Dr. King was challenging segregation, Southerners knew they couldn't win the argument with him on equal rights or the right to vote. So they labeled him a communist. They said he was an outside agitator, even though his church was in Georgia. When he spoke out against Vietnam, they debated not his views, but his qualification even to have an opinion. He was a preacher, they scorned, not a foreign-policy expert, even though the experts got us into the debacle. For King, as for Obama, all this was simply a diversion, a way not to debate his ideas or his positions, but to dismiss them from consideration by slurring the messenger.

America's politics are bare-knuckled. Politicians understand that their personal lives, their finances, the slips of tongue they make at the end of hard days are all grist for the debate. At best, parts of the media offer analysis of the truthfulness of various charges — but that analysis never has the reach of the original slurs or lies.

In the end, voters decide what kind of debate they will have. If they reward candidates for running below-the-belt campaigns rife with lies and slurs, more candidates will adopt those tactics.

Donald Trump is peddling a discrediting slur about the president that challenges the president's core integrity and raises unnecessary doubt and fear by making him the object of deception and dishonesty.

Legitimate economic anxiety and frustration must not be turned into toxic anger and ugliness.

I know Donald Trump. He is a better man than this.

If he dares to lead, let him call upon our better angels of hope. Leaders who lead us the best take us from the guttermost to the uttermost. Donald Trump must use his considerable skills to uplift our nation, not divide it.

We now know Donald Trump is happy to peddle a lie about America's president. We know virtually nothing about his views on America's course forward. This discrediting code language about the president's birthplace, religion and qualifications is a debase argument and a disservice to Trump and the country.

Voters shouldn't honor or reward him — or anyone — for that.

Pull Quote: quoteI know Donald Trump. He's a better manthan this.

Judge yields his records, avoids jail

John H. McCollom, an unassigned Cook County circuit judgeawaiting trial on bribery charges, yesterday avoided jail by turningover personal bank records to federal prosecutors.

The government sought the records to prove that McCollom spentmore than he received from known sources of income and that the moneycould only have been coming from bribes.

The submissions came just hours after U.S. Supreme Court JusticeJohn Paul Stevens refused to halt lower court orders directingsubmission of the documents.

McCollom, who is to go on trial April 20 for allegedly takingbribes to fix drunken-driving cases, and his attorney Gary Starkmanhanded the materials to assistant U.S. Attorneys Sheldon Zenner andLawrence Rosenthal during a hearing before U.S. District Judge JamesB. Moran.

On Feb. 17, Moran had found McCollom, 63, in contempt forrefusing to submit the bank records, which were needed becausemicrofilm copies obtained from the financial institutions wereillegible.

Moran ordered McCollom jailed, but stayed the sentence to allowMcCollom to appeal on the ground that the government was violatinghis Fifth Amendment protection against intrusion into private,personal documents.

Last week, after the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheldMoran, Starkman filed a motion seeking another stay. That was deniedyesterday.

More than a dozen attorneys and police officers are scheduled totestify against McCollom about alleged payoffs he took to fix caseswhile assigned to Traffic Court in the 1970s and early 1980s.

Quick Hits

NINE WINS BEARY SCARY?

10 won't be as tense

Notes, quotes and antidotes while wondering why Stan Van Gundy isjust now realizing he has a family: Shannon Sharpe, who played forthe 2000 Super Bowl champion Ravens, says his team was dominated byits defense, too, but any comparison with the Bears ends there. "Theoffense didn't do anything to hurt us," Sharpe wrote on NFL.com. "Wehad enough [offense]; they have none."

Speaking of the Ravens, Brian Billick is getting an earful abouthis decision to forgo an easy field goal and go for a touchdown onfourth-and-one in the fourth quarter Sunday against the Broncos.Running back Chester Taylor lost four yards, and Denver won 12-10."It was almost like a smack in the face," Broncos linebacker AlWilson told the Denver Post. "It didn't surprise me. Brian Billick isone of those coaches that has a little swagger to him, and you expecthim to do those type of things."

Dumb programming note of the week: HBO is planning a documentaryon "the curse of the goat to analyze the travails of the Cubs." Canthere possibly be something new to say about this? Ross Greenberg,president of the network's sports department, says he got interestedin the project when the White Sox won the World Series.

John Rooney is going to be a busy guy when baseball season startsin St. Louis. Not only will the longtime Sox announcer do theCardinals' games, but he also will be on morning and postgame shows."You'll hear a lot of John Rooney on KTRS," the station's boss, TimDorsey, told the St.Louis Post-Dispatch. "You're going to get yourfill of Rooney."

And here's an intriguing aspect to Rooney's move: The Cardinalsmoved to KTRS because they felt they were being lowballed by KMOX,their longtime radio home. Rooney left the Sox because he didn't likethe offer he received from their new radio outlet, WSCR. Both KMOXand WSCR are owned by Infinity Broadcasting.

Lies, damn lies and statistics: The Packers lead the NFL in fewestpassing yards allowed and are fifth in overall defense.

CRISIS AVERTED

That's a relief: Reebok is rushing an emergency shipment ofuniforms to at least five NBA teams in the wake of 13 players beingfined $10,000 each because their shorts were too long. NBA spokesmanMatt Bourne told the Patriot Ledger in Massachusetts that thesporting-goods firm is legally required to supply the uniforms andwill bear the cost. ... Notre Dame's New Year's Eve women'sbasketball game against Tennessee is already sold out. The game,which will start at 2 p.m. at the Joyce Center, is just the thirdsellout in the history of the Irish women's program. The other twocame against top-ranked Connecticut and Georgetown during NotreDame's NCAA championship season five years ago.

Rudd Award (Week 14)

In losing 26-23 to the Giants, the Eagles, who went to the SuperBowl last season, not only were eliminated from the playoffs, butalso saw their string of five straight winning seasons end. Lastyear, Philadelphia was 6-0 against teams in its division. Thisseason, it is 0-5. ... A 13-10 loss to the Titans was the third last-minute defeat in a row for the 1-12 Texans. Kris Brown, who hadconnected on 17 of 18 field-goal tries from within 39 yards goinginto the game, had a 37-yard attempt blocked in the fourth quarterand missed a 31-yarder as the gun went off. Brown's five field goalslast week were Houston's only points in a 16-15 loss to the Ravens.... A few brave Lions fans journeyed to Green Bay for Sunday night's16-13 overtime loss to the Packers bearing signs that said, "FIREMILLEN!" They were greeted by Packers fans with signs reading, "KEEPMILLEN!" ... And the winner of the Dwayne Rudd Award for DubiousDistinction in the NFL is: The 49ers, who are 2-11, hit rock bottomin Seattle, where they gained a total of 113 yards and rookiequarterback Alex Smith twice dropped the ball without being touchedby a defender. The San Jose Mercury News asked its readers if theteam should give up on the rest of the season in order to get thehighest possible draft choice, and one responded, "Could anyonereally tell the difference?"

AND FINALLY ...

Herb McGee, who won his 800th game coaching at PhiladelphiaUniversity last week, on his move up the career victories list: "Ikeep whizzing by dead guys."

...AND ANOTHER THING

Always one to put up a good fight, White Sox catcher A.J.Pierzynski was part of the action Sunday in TNA Wrestling's "TurningPoint" pay-per-view event in Orlando, Fla., in an animatedconversation with referee Andrew Thomas. Pierzynski, who smashed ahome plate over the head of Simon Diamond, was manager for thetriumphant team of Dale Torborg, Chris Sabin and Sonjay Dutt againstDiamond, Elix Skipper and David Young. The home plate Pierzynski usedwas handed to him by free-agent center fielder Johnny Damon, seatedin the front row. Also providing ringside support were catcher ChrisWidger, outfielder Brian Anderson and former Sox manager JeffTorborg.

UP IN ARMS OVER DI CANIO SALUTE

In some circles, Italian soccer player Paolo Di Canio is greetedwith outstretched arms.

Those would be mostly fascist circles.

The Lazio forward appeared to give a fascist salute to the crowdas he was being substituted during Sunday's 2-1 loss to Livorno.

"Politics must remain out of soccer stadiums," Giancarlo Abete,the Italian soccer federation's deputy president, told the ANSA newsagency Monday.

The gesture Di Canio made is associated with the salute usedduring the reign of dictator Benito Mussolini.

"I will always salute as I did yesterday because it gives me asense of belonging to my people," Di Canio said.

"His people" being the Lazio fans who waved swastika flags whilethe Livorno faithful waved red Communist flags.

Fans fought outside the stadium before the game.

"It is a stupid gesture, and it's not the first time he's madeit," Livorno goalie Marco Amelia told ANSA.

Di Canio was fined $13,400 in January for making the salute aftera victory against AS Roma.

"Let everybody salute as they like," Ignazio La Russa of the right-wing National Alliance party said. "It doesn't seem to me a violentgesture. There's nothing dramatic about it."

Gee, maybe the guy skipped the chapters in the history books aboutMussolini.

"There are measures that can be taken against such behavior,"Amelia told Monday's La Gazzetta dello Sport. "I hope they arecarried out."

'THE BOSS' STOLE A BEAT FROM VOTAW'S PROPOSAL

Former LPGA Tour commissioner Ty Votaw (above) is getting into theswing of wearing a ring.

An engagement ring.

He and his LPGA Swedish sweetie Sophie Gustafson (left) becameengaged Nov. 19 in Hollywood, Fla., and he has a ring on his finger.

"In Sweden, the guy wears an engagement ring, too," he told theAssociated Press.

Votaw, who might find employment with the PGA Tour, had only oneregret about proposing: He did it too soon.

Translation: He and Gustafson went to a Bruce Springsteen concertthat night after he popped the question, only to hear The Boss sing"I Want to Marry You," a tune he rarely performs on tour.

"Sophie turned to me and said, `It would have been really romanticif you had asked me during this song,"' Votaw said. "But I hadalready asked, and she accepted."

And in such pursuits, as in golf, a mulligan would be out of thequestion.

RONALDO FANCIES HIMSELF A NOBEL

Brazilian soccer star Ronaldo has his eyes on the prize.

As in Nobel Peace Prize.

Ronaldo, who plays professionally for Real Madrid, told Brazilianmagazine Epocha his goal goes beyond soccer.

"I want to leave a good image not just in football but as a UnitedNations ambassador," he said. "I'm going to work for all my life andbattle hard to win a Nobel Peace Prize.

"It would leave me very satisfied. It's a sacrifice which is worththe effort."

As for a future in politics?

"Aecio Neves [governor of Minas Gerais state], who is my friend,said that if he becomes president of Brazil, he will name me asMinister of Sports. If that really happens, I will need to beprepared. I've never thought about it, but I'm not ruling it out,either."

Nor is he ruling out the possibility of playing in a fifth WorldCup in 2010 in South Africa and surpassing countryman/soccer iconPele's total of four.

"Time will tell," he said. "I want to keep playing as long as itgives me pleasure. I'm 29 years old, just a boy in life, but not insoccer."

'SURVIVOR' HAS SPORTING INTERESTS

The winner of the "Survivor: Guatemala -- the Maya Empire" seasonfinale is a sports-radio host in Kansas City, Mo.

Along with the $1 million prize for winning the CBS reality show,Danni Boatwright may find some sideline work.

"Look for Boatwright to perhaps wind up working for the [ArenaFootball League] Brigade in some manner. Sideline reporter, perhaps?"a Kansas City Star columnist wrote.

Boatwright, 30 -- who generally wore a Kansas City Chiefs cowboyhat on the TV show -- does have the credentials, and she apparentlyis not shy about appearing in public.

"She loves sports, especially the Chiefs," her brother Casey toldthe paper. "I can see her in front of the camera but on thesidelines. She's got the look, the drive and a great knowledge ofsports."

'SNL' TAPS INTO SCOTTISMS

If you are among those who wish ESPN would provide Englishsubtitles when Stuart Scott is part of the "SportsCenter" mix, you'renot alone.

Even the folks at "Saturday Night Live" have noticed.

In "SNL's" "Weekend Update," there was a bit featuring "auditiontapes" for a new ABC "World News Tonight" anchor. Included was one ofScott, with the role played by cast member Finesse Mitchell.

With little finesse.

"Sobering news straight out of the Middle East, where the

insurgents have jacked-up all types of nasty," Scott/Mitchellsaid. "Hey, holla at a soldier

if you see him in a tank!

Meanwhile, a suicide bomber dropped 30 bystanders with a backpackfull of TNT. Booyah!"

The spoof would make it seem that someone thinks Scott is hardlyas cool as the other side of the pillow.

NOTEWORTHY

With 102 receiving yards Sunday against the Indianapolis Colts,Jimmy Smith of the Jacksonville Jaguars became the 13th player in NFLhistory to reach 12,000 -- and the third player this season to do so(Isaac Bruce of the St. Louis Rams and Marvin Harrison of the Coltsbeing the others to reach that plateau in 2005). The leaders incareer receiving yards:

Player Yards

1. Jerry Rice 22,895

2. Tim Brown 14,934

3. James Lofton 14,004

4. Cris Carter 13,899

5. Henry Ellard 13,777

6. Andre Reed 13,198

7. Steve Largent 13,089

8. Irving Fryar 12,785

9. Art Monk 12,721

10. Isaac Bruce* 12,181

11. Marvin Harrison* 12,177

12. Charlie Joiner 12,146

13. Jimmy Smith* 12,100

*Active

US death toll hits 55 in ice storm, 24 in Kentucky

Kentucky's governor is raising his state's death toll to 24 in a storm that caked several states in ice last week.

That means at least 55 people have died in the storm nationwide.

Gov. Steve Beshear says in a letter to President Barack Obama released Monday that 10 of the deaths were from carbon monoxide poisoning and at least nine others from hypothermia.

The governor's office isn't giving details on the individual deaths.

Bosnian forensic experts find new mass grave

SARAJEVO, Bosnia-Herzegovina (AP) — Forensic experts say they have opened a mass grave that may contain the remains of Muslim Bosniak civilians killed in the 1995 Srebrenica massacre.

Amor Masovic, the leader of the team, said Monday that the grave was located in Kaldrmica village in the Srebrenica area of eastern Bosnia.

He says the grave may contain about 50 bodies.

In 1995, Serb troops overran the east Bosnian town of Srebrenica, which the United Nations had declared a safe zone, and killed as many as 8,000 men and boys, in what was the worst mass killing in Europe since World War II. Their bodies were dumped in several mass graves.

Masovic said the remains that showed up in the first layer in Kaldrmica indicate that women may be among the victims, which would be unusual.

Pakistan's ex-president criticizes loss of US aid

HOUSTON (AP) — Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf says the Obama administration's suspension of $800 million in U.S. aid to the Pakistani military is not in the best interest of either country.

Musharraf spoke Monday evening at Rice University in Houston. He says a weakened Pakistan would be hampered in fighting terrorism.

President Barack Obama's chief of staff, William Daley, confirmed over the weekend that the aid is being withheld until frayed relations between the two nations are repaired.

Musharraf took over in a military coup in 1999 and quit in 2008 amid prolonged protests and election losses for his supporters. He has been on the college speaking circuit while living in London and Dubai but has said he wants to return to Pakistani politics next year.